بحث حول الحرف التقليدية اليدوية بالانجليزية
A handicraft, sometimes more precisely expressed as artisanal
handicraft or handmade, is any of a wide variety of types of work where useful
and decorative objects are made completely by hand or by using only simple
tools. It is a traditional main sector of craft, and applies to a wide range of
creative and design activities that are related to making things with one's
hands and skill, including work with textiles, moldable and rigid materials,
paper, plant fibers, etc. One of the world's oldest handicraft is Dhokra; this
is a sort of metal casting has been used in India for over 4,000 years and is
still used. Usually the term is applied to traditional techniques of creating
items (whether for personal use or as products) that are both practical and
aesthetic.Handicraft industries are those that produces things with hands to
meet the needs of the people in their locality.Machines are not used.
Collective terms for handicrafts include artisanry, handicrafting,
crafting, and handicraftsmanship. The term arts and crafts is also applied,
especially in the United States and mostly to hobbyists' and children's output
rather than items crafted for daily use, but this distinction is not formal,
and the term is easily confused with the Arts and Crafts design movement, which
is in fact as practical as it is aesthetic.
Handicrafting has its roots in the rural crafts—the material-goods
necessities—of ancient civilizations, and many specific crafts have been
practiced for centuries, while others are modern inventions, or popularizations
of crafts which were originally practiced in a limited geographic area.
Many handicrafters use natural, even entirely indigenous, materials
while others may prefer modern, non-traditional materials, and even upcycle industrial
materials. The individual artisanship of a handicrafted item is the paramount
criterion; those made by mass production or machines are not handicraft goods.
Seen as developing the skills and creative interests of students,
generally and sometimes towards a particular craft or trade, handicrafts are
often integrated into educational systems, both informally and formally. Most
crafts require the development of skill and the application of patience, but
can be learned by virtually anyone.
Like folk art, handicraft output often has cultural and/or
religious significance, and increasingly may have a political message as well,
as in craftivism. Many crafts become very popular for brief periods of time (a
few months, or a few years), spreading rapidly among the crafting population as
everyone emulates the first examples, then their popularity wanes until a later
resurgence.
The Arts and Crafts movement in the West
The Arts and Crafts movement originated as a late 19th-century
design reform and social movement principally in Europe, North America and
Australia, and continues today. Its proponents are motivated by the ideals of
movement founders such as William Morris and John Ruskin, who proposed that in
pre-industrial societies, such as the European Middle Ages, people had achieved
fulfillment through the creative process of handicrafts. This was held up in
contrast to what was perceived to be the alienating effects of industrial
labor.
These activities were called crafts because originally many of them
were professions under the guild system. Adolescents were apprenticed to a
master craftsman, and refined their skills over a period of years in exchange
for low wages. By the time their training was complete, they were well equipped
to set up in trade for themselves, earning their living with the skill that
could be traded directly within the community, often for goods and services.
The Industrial Revolution and the increasing mechanisation of production
processes gradually reduced or eliminated many of the roles professional
craftspeople played, and today many handicrafts are increasingly seen,
especially when no longer the mainstay of a formal vocational trade, as a form
of hobby, folk art and sometimes even fine art.
The term handicrafts can also refer to the products themselves of
such artisanal efforts, that require specialized knowledge, may be highly
technical in their execution, require specialized equipment and/or facilities
to produce, involve manual labor or a blue-collar work ethic, are accessible to
the general public, and are constructed from materials with histories that
exceed the boundaries of Western "fine art" tradition, such as
ceramics, glass, textiles, metal and wood. These products are produced within a
specific community of practice, and while they mostly differ from the products
produced within the communities of art and design, the boundaries often
overlap, resulting in hybrid objects. Additionally, as the interpretation and
validation of art is frequently a matter of context, an audience may perceive
handicrafted objects as art objects when these objects are viewed within an art
context, such as in a museum or in a position of prominence in one's home.
لتحميل الملف جاهزا بصيغة الوورد مع مزيد من الصور اتبع الرابط في الأسفل
التحميل
في أمان الله
و لا تنسوا العودة للصفحة الرئيسية لتصفح المزيد من البحوث و الوثائق التعليمية.
ملاحظة: كرما و ليس أمرا يرجى التبليغ عن أي رابط لا يعمل و ذلك بترك تعليق أو مراسلتنا عبر بريد الموقع
كلمات دلالية: [ تحميل بحث الجغرافيا جغرافيا تلوث البيئة التلوث بيئي ثانوي متوسط أولى ثانية ثالثة رابعة ابتدائي مذكرات اتسطوانات بكالوريا البكالوريا دور جوان لغة عربية رياضيات تاريخ علوم طبيعية فيزياء فلسفة فرنسية انجليزية أدب علوم اسلامية شرعية ]
ملاحظة: كرما و ليس أمرا يرجى التبليغ عن أي رابط لا يعمل و ذلك بترك تعليق أو مراسلتنا عبر بريد الموقع
كلمات دلالية: [ تحميل بحث الجغرافيا جغرافيا تلوث البيئة التلوث بيئي ثانوي متوسط أولى ثانية ثالثة رابعة ابتدائي مذكرات اتسطوانات بكالوريا البكالوريا دور جوان لغة عربية رياضيات تاريخ علوم طبيعية فيزياء فلسفة فرنسية انجليزية أدب علوم اسلامية شرعية ]
كلمات دلالية: [ تحميل بحث الجغرافيا جغرافيا تلوث البيئة التلوث بيئي ثانوي متوسط أولى ثانية ثالثة رابعة ابتدائي مذكرات اتسطوانات بكالوريا البكالوريا دور جوان لغة عربية رياضيات تاريخ علوم طبيعية فيزياء فلسفة فرنسية انجليزية أدب علوم اسلامية شرعية ]