Construction
of the First Camera Obscura (1012 – 1021)
bū
ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham
known in the west as AlhazenOffsite , built the first camera
obscuraOffsite or pinhole camera—significant in the history of optics,
photography, and the history of art.
In
his Book of Optics, written in Cairo between 1012 and 1021, Ibn al-Haytham used
the term “Al-Bayt al-Muthlim", translated into English as "dark
room."
"In
the experiment he undertook, in order to establish that light travels in time
and with speed, he says: 'If the hole was covered with a curtain and the
curtain was taken off, the light traveling from the hole to the opposite wall
will consume time.' He reiterated the same experience when he established that
light travels in straight lines. A revealing experiment introduced the camera
obscura in studies of the half-moon shape of the sun's image during eclipses
which he observed on the wall opposite a small hole made in the window
shutters. In his famous essay 'On the form of the Eclipse'
(Maqalah-fi-Surat-al-Kosuf) he commented on his observation 'The image of the
sun at the time of the eclipse, unless it is total, demonstrates that when its
light passes through a narrow, round hole and is cast on a plane opposite to
the hole it takes on the form of a moon-sickle'.
"In
his experiment of the sun light he extended his observation of the penetration
of light through the pinhole to conclude that when the sun light reaches and
penetrates the hole it makes a conic shape at the points meeting at the
pinhole, forming later another conic shape reverse to the first one on the
opposite wall in the dark room. This happens when sun light diverges from point
“ﺍ” until it reaches an aperture and is
projected through it onto a screen at the luminous spot. Since the distance
between the aperture and the screen is insignificant in comparison to the
distance between the aperture and the sun, the divergence of sunlight after
going through the aperture should be insignificant. In other words, should be
about equal to. However, it is observed to be much greater when the paths of
the rays which form the extremities of are retraced in the reverse direction,
it is found that they meet at a point outside the aperture and then diverge
again toward the sun as illustrated in figure 1.Offsite This an early accurate
description of the Camera Obscura phenomenon."
"In
13th-century England Roger BaconOffsite
described the use of a camera obscura for the safe observation of solar
eclipses. Its potential as a drawing aid may have been familiar to artists by
as early as the 15th century; Leonardo da VinciOffsite (1452-1519 AD) described camera obscura in
Codex AtlanticusOffsite . . . .
"The
Dutch Masters, such as Johannes VermeerOffsite, who were hired as painters in
the 17th century, were known for their magnificent attention to detail. It has
been widely speculated that they made use of such a camera, but the extent of
their use by artists at this period remains a matter of considerable
controversy, recently revived by the Hockney-Falco thesisOffsite . The term "camera obscura" was
first used by the German astronomer Johannes KeplerOffsite in 1604.
"Early
models were large; comprising either a whole darkened room or a tent (as
employed by Johannes Kepler). By the 18th century, following developments by
Robert BoyleOffsite and Robert
HookeOffsite , more easily portable
models became available. These were extensively used by amateur artists while
on their travels, but they were also employed by professionals, including Paul
SandbyOffsite , CanalettoOffsite and Joshua ReynoldsOffsite , whose camera (disguised as a book) is now
in the Science Museum (London). Such cameras were later adapted by Louis
DaguerreOffsite and William Fox
TalbotOffsite for creating the first photographs"
(Wikipedia article on Camera obscura, accessed 04-24-2009).
_________________________________________________________________________________
لتحميل الملف جاهزا بصيغة الوورد مع مزيد من الصور اتبع الرابط في الأسفل
ملاحظة: يرجى التبليغ عن أي رابط لا يعمل و ذلك بترك تعليق أو مراسلتنا عبر بريد الموقع أو صفحتناعلى فيسبوك
كلمات دلالية: [ تحميل بحث الجغرافيا جغرافيا تلوث البيئة التلوث بيئي ثانوي متوسط أولى ثانية ثالثة رابعة ابتدائي مذكرات اتسطوانات بكالوريا البكالوريا دور جوان لغة عربية رياضيات تاريخ علوم طبيعية فيزياء فلسفة فرنسية انجليزية أدب علوم اسلامية شرعية ]
ملاحظة: يرجى التبليغ عن أي رابط لا يعمل و ذلك بترك تعليق أو مراسلتنا عبر بريد الموقع أو صفحتناعلى فيسبوك
كلمات دلالية: [ تحميل بحث الجغرافيا جغرافيا تلوث البيئة التلوث بيئي ثانوي متوسط أولى ثانية ثالثة رابعة ابتدائي مذكرات اتسطوانات بكالوريا البكالوريا دور جوان لغة عربية رياضيات تاريخ علوم طبيعية فيزياء فلسفة فرنسية انجليزية أدب علوم اسلامية شرعية ]